Magainin is a family of antimicrobial peptides first discovered in 1987 by Michael Zasloff in the skin of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. These…

Gramicidin is a heterogeneous mixture of antibiotic peptides, primarily produced by Bacillus brevis. It was one of the first antibiotics to be isolated and characterized,…

Colistin is a polymyxin antibiotic, a class of cationic polypeptide antibiotics discovered in the late 1940s. It is produced by the soil bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa.…

Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic with potent bactericidal activity primarily against Gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant…

Nisin is a polycyclic antibacterial peptide classified as a lantibiotic, characterized by the presence of the unusual amino acids lanthionine and methyllanthionine. It was first…

Bortezomib is a first-in-class, small-molecule proteasome inhibitor and a cornerstone therapeutic agent in oncology. It is a modified dipeptidyl boronic acid, synthetically designed to specifically…

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide that functions as a potent vasodilator, immunomodulator, and neurotransmitter. It was first discovered in 1970 by…

Thymopentin is a synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the active site (amino acids 32-36) of the native thymic hormone thymopoietin. It was discovered and characterized in…

Cathelicidin LL-37 is a 37-amino acid, amphipathic, alpha-helical peptide and the sole cathelicidin-family antimicrobial peptide (AMP) identified in humans. It is proteolytically cleaved from its…

Lysine-Proline-Valine (KPV) is a tripeptide fragment corresponding to residues 11-13 of the full-length α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). α-MSH is a 13-amino acid neuropeptide derived from proopiomelanocortin…